1APPEND       101 127                                                           1ASSIGN       128 151                                                           1ATTRIB       152 181                                                           1BACKUP       182 210                                                           1BATCHFILES   211 231                                                           2SYNTAX       232 248                                                           1BREAK        249 264                                                           1CHDIR        265 292                                                           1CHKDSK       293 310                                                           1CLS          311 311                                                           1COMMAND      312 326                                                           1COMP         327 336                                                           1CONFIG.SYS   337 345                                                           1COPY         346 380                                                           1CTTY         381 396                                                           1DATE         397 405                                                           1DEL          406 424                                                           1DIR          425 449                                                           1DISKCOMP     450 472                                                           1DISKCOPY     473 498                                                           1DISPLAY      499 520                                                           1EDLIN        521 545                                                           1EMM          546 556                                                           1EXE2BIN      557 563                                                           1EXIT         564 568                                                           1FASTOPEN     569 589                                                           1FDISK        590 598                                                           1FC           599 628                                                           1FIND         629 644                                                           1FORMAT       645 672                                                           1FORMATLD     673 682                                                           1GRAFTABL     683 687                                                           1GRAPHICS     688 714                                                           1GRID386      715 728                                                           1GRIDCACHE    729 743                                                           1GRIDSCAN     744 758                                                           1HELP         759 775                                                           1JOIN         776 786                                                           1KEYBOARD     787 797                                                           1LABEL        798 808                                                           1LINK         809 825                                                           1LOGICALDRIVE 826 859                                                           1LOWPOWER     860 872                                                           1MKDIR        873 885                                                           1MODE         886 911                                                           2OPTION1      912 927                                                           2OPTION2      928 964                                                           2OPTION3      965 986                                                           2OPTION4      987 997                                                           2OPTION5      9981005                                                           2OPTION6     10061034                                                           2OPTION7     10351084                                                           2OPTION8     10851098                                                           2OPTION9     10991105                                                           2OPTION10    11061122                                                           2OPTION11    11231134                                                           2OPTION12    11351147                                                           2OPTION13    11481158                                                           2OPTION14    11591171                                                           2OPTION15    11721186                                                           2OPTION16    11871200                                                           2OPTION17    12011213                                                           2OPTION18    12141226                                                           2OPTION19    12271242                                                           2OPTION20    12431270                                                           1MODEM       12711272                                                           1MORE        12731284                                                           1PATH        12851306                                                           1PCMASTER    13071354                                                           1PCSLAVE     13551355                                                           1PRINT       13561387                                                           1PROMPT      13881415                                                           1RAMDRIVE    14161434                                                           1RECOVER     14351458                                                           1REN         14591479                                                           1REPLACE     14801493                                                           1RESTORE     14941522                                                           1RMDIR       15231530                                                           1SERVER      15311543                                                           1SET         15441551                                                           1SHARE       15521565                                                           1SHOWMEM     15661571                                                           1SORT        15721589                                                           1SUBST       15901604                                                           1SYS         16051617                                                           1SYSTEMSPEED 16181628                                                           1TIME        16291646                                                           1TREE        16471653                                                           1TYPE        16541660                                                           1VER         16611664                                                           1VERIFY      16651676                                                           1VOL         16771683                                                           1XCOPY       16841728                                                              0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                           0   0                                                                          The APPEND command sets a search path for data files.  APPEND has the           following format:                                                                                                                                               First use only:                                                                                                                                                 APPEND [/X] [/E]                                                                                                                                                To specify directories to be searched:                                                                                                                          APPEND [d:][path][;[d:][path]...]                                                                                                                               The /X and /E switches can be specified only the first time the APPEND          command is issued.  The /X switch extends the functionality of APPEND so        that more programs can take advantage of its search path.  The /E switch        causes appended paths to be stored in the MS-DOS environment where they can     be accessed by other programs.                                                                                                                                  If you are using the ASSIGN command, you must use the APPEND command            before ASSIGN.                                                                                                                                                  EXAMPLE: You may want to access data files in a directory called Sales on       drive C, and in a directory called Leads on drive A.  To do this use the        following commands:                                                                                                                                             APPEND /X                                                                                                                                                       APPEND C:\Sales;A:\Leads                                                        The ASSIGN command changes the device letter MS-DOS automatically assigns       to a particular device.  The command is useful if your application program      requires that you put data files on diskettes, and you prefer to use some       other storage medium--for example, a hard disk.                                                                                                                 ASSIGN has the following format:                                                                                                                                ASSIGN [d1 = d2] ...                                                                                                                                            where d1 is the letter of the device to be reassigned and d2 is the letter      of the device to be used in place of d1.  If you omit both d1 and d2,           MS-DOS cancels any previously made assignments.                                                                                                                 You can make multiple assignments in the same command, separating each with     a comma or blank as shown below:                                                                                                                                ASSIGN A=C B=D                                                                                                                                                  EXAMPLE: The command                                                                                                                                            ASSIGN A=C                                                                                                                                                      tells MS-DOS to assign to drive C all requests for drive A.  Subsequently,      all commands using the device letter A refer to drive C.                        The ATTRIB command sets or resets the read-only and archive attributes          of a file; displays the attributes of a file.  For example if an                application opens a file that is set to read and write, ATTRIB can force        read-only mode to allow file sharing over a network.  ATTRIB has the            following format:                                                                                                                                               ATTRIB [+x -x] [d:] filespec [/S]                                                                                                                               Where +x and -x represent the following switches:                                                                                                               +R     Sets the file to read-only                                               -R     Sets the file to read-write                                              +A     Sets the archive attribute of a file                                     -A     Deletes the archive attribute of a file                                                                                                                  The /S switch causes ATTRIB to process all subdirectories as well as            the path specified.                                                                                                                                             EXAMPLES: The command                                                                                                                                           ATTRIB +r b:\mydir\myfile.txt                                                                                                                                   sets the file b:\mydir\myfile.txt to read-only.                                                                                                                 The command                                                                                                                                                     ATTRIB *.* /S                                                                                                                                                   displays the attributes for all files in the current directory and in its       subdirectories.                                                                 The BACKUP command backs up files from one disk to another.  When used to       backup a hard disk, the BACKUP command lets you sequentially store files on     one or more diskettes.  Files backed up with BACKUP are not immediately         accessible; you must use the RESTORE command to return the files to their       original locations to make them usable.  BACKUP has the following format:                                                                                       BACKUP d1:[pathname] d2: [/S][/M][/A][/D:mm-dd-yy][/T:hh:mm][/L:filename][/F]                                                                                   where                                                                                                                                                           d1     Specifies the disk drive to back up.  If you don't specify pathname,            files in the current directory are backed up; otherwise, the                    specified directory is backed up.                                        d2     Specifies the backup disk drive.                                         /S     Backs up files in subdirectories, as well as the specified directory.    /M     Backs up only files that have been modified since the last backup.       /A     Adds backup files to the backup diskette.  If you omit this switch,             BACKUP erases the backup diskette before backing up files.               /D     Backs up only files modified on or after the specified date.             /T     Backs up only files modified at or after the specified time.             /L     Creates a backup log file in which filenames are logged as they are             backed up.                                                               /F     Formats the backup disk if it is not already formatted.                                                                                                  EXAMPLE:  The command                                                                                                                                           BACKUP C: A: /S                                                                                                                                                 backs up all files on disk drive C to disk drive A.                             A batch file contains DOS commands and has the extension .BAT.  You can         create a batch file with any text editor.  When you type in the name of the     file and press RETURN, MS-DOS executes the commands in the batch file.                                                                                          When the computer is first started, MS-DOS searches for a batch file named      AUTOEXEC.BAT.  If AUTOEXEC.BAT is found, MS-DOS automatically executes the      commands in it and suppresses the date and time prompts that normally           appear.                                                                                                                                                         Special batch file commands include:  CALL, ECHO, FOR, GOTO, IF, PAUSE, REM,    and SHIFT.  You can create a batch file with replaceable parameters which       you specify when you execute the command.  See the chapter on Batch Files       in the MS-DOS Reference manual for details.                                                                                                                     EXAMPLE: The following is an example of a batch file which does a directory     of drive A, types out the contents of a file on the screen, and renames a       file.                                                                                                                                                           DIR A:                                                                          TYPE YOURFILE.TXT                                                               REN YOURFILE.TXT MYFILE.TXT                                                     The following lists the syntax for each batch command:                                                                                                          CALL filespec                                                                                                                                                   ECHO [ON | OFF | message]                                                                                                                                       FOR %%c IN set DO command     or     FOR %c IN set DO command                                                                                                   GOTO label                                                                                                                                                      IF condition command                                                                                                                                            PAUSE [comment]                                                                                                                                                 REM [comment]                                                                                                                                                   SHIFT                                                                           The BREAK command enables you to extend when MS-DOS checks for a CTRL-C         keystroke.  BREAK has the following format:                                                                                                                     BREAK [ON | OFF]                                                                                                                                                Depending on the program you are running, CTRL-C may be used to interrupt       processing.  The break command lets you extend when MS-DOS checks for a         CTRL-C keystroke.  BREAK provides the following functions:                                                                                                      BREAK OFF  MS-DOS checks to see if CTRL-C has been typed only while it is                  reading from the keyboard, writing to the screen, or a printer.                                                                                      BREAK ON   MS-DOS additionally checks to see if CTRL-C has been typed                      during disk reads and writes and other functions.                                                                                                    BREAK      Displays the current setting (on or off) of BREAK.                   The CHDIR (or CD for change directory) command either changes your current      directory or displays the name of your current directory.  CHDIR has either     of the following formats:                                                                                                                                       CHDIR [pathname]                                                                CD [pathname]                                                                                                                                                   where pathname consists of one or more subdirectory names specifying the        new current directory.                                                                                                                                          EXAMPLES: The command                                                                                                                                           CD \SALES\EAST\EXPENSES                                                                                                                                         changes the current directory to EXPENSES.  The short-hand notation .. used     with the command changes the current directory to the parent directory.         For example,                                                                                                                                                    CD ..                                                                                                                                                           changes the current directory in the above example to EAST.  To find out        what directory you are currently using, enter                                                                                                                   CD                                                                                                                                                              To return directly to the root directory, enter:                                                                                                                CD \                                                                            The CHKDSK (check disk) command looks for errors in the indicated               directory and, if you so specify, attempts to repair the errors it finds.       CHKDSK also displays a report showing current usage of main memory and the      storage media specified in the command.  CHKDSK has the following format:                                                                                       CHKDSK [d:][filespec] [/F] [/V]                                                                                                                                 where                                                                                                                                                           d:     The device to be checked.  If you do not specify a device, the                  default device is checked.                                                                                                                               /F     CHKDSK repairs as well as reports the errors it finds.                                                                                                   /V     CHKDSK displays additional information as it executes.                                                                                                   If you specify a filespec, CHKDSK reports on whether or not the specified       file(s) occupies contiguous space on the disk.                                  The CLS (clear screen) command erases the screen.                               COMMAND starts a new command processor (the MS-DOS program COMMAND.COM that     contains all internal commands).  COMMAND has the following format:                                                                                             COMMAND [d:pathname] [cttydev] [/P] [/E:size] [/C:command string]                                                                                               where                                                                                                                                                           d:pathname specifies where the COMMAND.COM file is located.                     cttydev specifies a different device than the keyboard for input.                                                                                               /P     Tells COMMAND.COM not to exit to any higher level.                       /E     Specifies the environment size, in bytes.  The default is 160 bytes.            The range is between 160 and 32768 bytes.                                /C     Specifies a command string that is to be executed, after which                  COMMAND.COM exits to the next higher level.                              The COMP command compares the contents of two files or sets of files.  The      COMP command has the following format:                                                                                                                          COMP [filespec1] [filespec2]                                                                                                                                    If you don't enter the filespec options, COMP prompts you for them.  You        can use the wildcard characters (* and ?) to specify filenames.                                                                                                 For each pair of files compared, a message is displayed for each location       in the two files that contains mismatching information.                         CONFIG.SYS allows you to add devices to your computer and to control special    MS-DOS features such as internal buffer space.  CONFIG.SYS is a text file       that you can edit with any text editor.                                                                                                                         When MS-DOS is started, it checks the contents of the CONFIG.SYS file on the    current drive for configuration commands.  These commands remain in effect      until the next time MS-DOS is started.                                                                                                                          See the MS-DOS Reference manual for a complete discussion of CONFIG.SYS.        The COPY command duplicates one or more source files to one or more             destination files.  The COPY command has the following format when copying      data to a file:                                                                                                                                                 COPY filespec1 [filespec2] [/V] [/A] [/B]                                                                                                                       where filespec1 is one or more source files and filespec2 is one or more        destination files.  You can specify either an existing file or a new file       for filespec2.                                                                                                                                                  Specifying /V causes MS-DOS to verify that data on the destination device       is readable.  The /A and /B options are for the special handling of ASCII       and binary files.                                                                                                                                               COPY can also be used to join two or more source files into one destination     file.  Simply separate the source files in a COPY command with plus signs.      For example, the command                                                                                                                                        COPY A+B BIGFILE                                                                                                                                                copies the files A and B into one large file named BIGFILE.                                                                                                     EXAMPLES: The command                                                                                                                                           COPY MYFILE.TXT YOURFILE.TXT                                                                                                                                    copies the file MYFILE.TXT into a new file called YOURFILE.TXT.  The command                                                                                    COPY B:*.* A:                                                                                                                                                   copies all the files from drive B to the disk in drive A.  The command                                                                                          COPY A:*.TXT B:                                                                                                                                                 copies all the files on drive A with the .TXT file extension to drive B.        The CTTY command changes the device from which you issue commands.  CTTY        has the following format:                                                                                                                                       CTTY device                                                                                                                                                     device is the device from which you are giving commands to MS-DOS.  This        command is useful if you want to change the device on which you are             working.  The command                                                                                                                                           CTTY AUX                                                                                                                                                        moves all command input/output to an AUX port, such as a serial port.                                                                                           CTTY CON                                                                                                                                                        returns all command input/output back to the console.                           The DATE command displays the current date as recorded by the computer and      lets you change it, if you wish.  The date you set determines the date you      see in a file directory noting when the file was created or last modified.      DATE has the following syntax:                                                                                                                                  DATE [mm-dd-yy]                                                                                                                                                 The format of the date can be altered by the setting of the COUNTRY command     in your CONFIG.SYS file.                                                        The DEL (delete) command deletes one or more files from a directory.            DEL has either of the following formats:                                                                                                                        DEL filespec                                                                    ERASE filespec                                                                                                                                                  where filespec specifies the file(s) to be deleted.                                                                                                             Specifying the wildcards *.* refers to all files in the current directory.      For example, the following command deletes all the files in the current         directory:                                                                                                                                                      DEL *.*                                                                                                                                                         Before this command executes, however, the prompt                                                                                                               Are you sure (Y,N)?                                                                                                                                             appears.  If you type a Y or y (for yes), then all files are deleted.           The DIR (directory) command lists the files on the device and                   directory you specify.  DIR has the following format:                                                                                                           DIR [filespec] [/P] [/W]                                                                                                                                        where                                                                                                                                                           /P (page) causes the directory to be displayed one screen at a time.                                                                                            /W (wide display) displays only filenames, across the screen.                                                                                                   EXAMPLES: The command                                                                                                                                           DIR                                                                                                                                                             displays the names of files in the current directory.  The command                                                                                              DIR B:                                                                                                                                                          displays the names of files in the current drive B directory.  The command                                                                                      DIR B:\SALES\*.TXT                                                                                                                                              displays the names of files that have a .TXT extension in the SALES             subdirectory on drive B.                                                        The DISKCOMP (disk compare) command compares the contents of two                diskettes.  DISKCOMP issues a message when a mismatch occurs, indicating        the track number and the side where the mismatch occurred.  DISKCOMP has        the following format:                                                                                                                                           DISKCOMP [d1:] [d2:] [/1] [/8]                                                                                                                                  where                                                                                                                                                           d1,d2  indicate the drives which contain the diskettes to be compared.                                                                                          /1     DISKCOMP compares only the first side of a two sided diskette.                                                                                           /8     DISKCOMP compares only 8 sectors per track.                                                                                                              If you do not specify device letters, DISKCOMP assumes that drive A will be     used to compare both diskettes.  DISKCOMP prompts you to insert each            diskette when required.                                                                                                                                         Do not use DISKCOMP to compare a 3 1/2 inch diskette with a 5 1/4 inch          diskette.  The difference in the number of tracks on each diskette may          produce an error during the compare process.  Use the FC (File Compare)         or COMP commands to compare files on media with different formats.              The DISKCOPY command copies the contents of a source diskette to a target       diskette.  DISKCOPY has the following format:                                                                                                                   DISKCOPY [d1:] [d2:]                                                                                                                                            where d1 specifies the drive containing the diskette to be copied and d2        specifies the drive containing the destination diskette.                                                                                                        After copying, DISKCOPY prompts:                                                                                                                                Copy complete                                                                   Copy more diskettes (Y/N)?                                                                                                                                      Press Y if you want to make another copy or N to end the copying process.                                                                                       Use the COPY command rather than the DISKCOPY command to copy files from a      3 1/2 inch diskette to a 5 1/4 inch diskette and vice versa.  For example,      to copy all the files from drive A: (a 3 1/2 inch drive) to drive B: (a         5 1/4 inch drive), use the following command:                                                                                                                   COPY A:*.* B:                                                                                                                                                   You can use "logical drives" with the DISKCOPY command.  Logical drives         allow you to use only one disk drive when you copy diskettes.  This is          useful if you have diskette drives with different capacities.  See the          LOGICALDRIVE help topic for details.                                            Several MODE options exist to control the display on your GRiD computer.        These options are summarized below (see the topic listed for more details).                                                                                     Description         MODE Command                For More Information            ------------------------------------------------------------------------        Set display mode    MODE [n][,L|R][,T]          MODE OPTION2                                                                                                    Set font            MODE FONT=[1|2[|3|4]]       MODE OPTION10                                                 [,RVON|RVOFF]                                                                                                                     Use internal/       MODE GRID|CRT               MODE OPTION12                   external display    or CTRL-ALT-TAB                                                                                                                             Set color map       MODE COLORMAP=n             MODE OPTION15                                       or CTRL-ALT-FN-RightArrow                                                          CTRL-ALT-FN-LeftArrow                                                                                                                    Backlight control   MODE BACKLITE=ON|OFF|n      MODE OPTION16                                                                                                   Display power       MODE DISPLAY=ON|OFF         MODE OPTION17                                                                                                   Refresh rate        MODE HZ=50|60               MODE OPTION18                   The EDLIN (line editor) program is a line oriented text editor that can         be used to create and edit text files.  The text in files created by EDLIN      is divided into lines.  Line numbers are displayed by EDLIN during the          editing process, but are not actually present in the saved file.                                                                                                EDLIN works by editing, deleting, inserting, and displaying lines.  See the     EDLIN chapter in the MS-DOS Reference manual for information on using EDLIN.                                                                                    EDLIN commands are summarized below:                                                                                                                            line #  displays line to be edited                                              A       appends lines                                                           C       copies lines                                                            D       deletes lines                                                           E       ends editing                                                            I       inserts lines                                                           L       lists text                                                              M       moves lines                                                             P       pages text                                                              Q       quits editing                                                           R       replaces lines                                                          S       searches text                                                           T       transfers text                                                          W       writes lines                                                            Ctrl-Z denotes the end of a line or string.                                     EMM.SYS is an expanded memory manager compatible with the LIM                   (Lotus/Intel/Microsoft) 4.0 standard that provides access to expanded memory    if expanded memory is installed in your GRiD computer.  To install EMM.SYS,     place the following line in your CONFIG.SYS file and restart the system:                                                                                        DEVICE=[d:][path]EMM.SYS [/D]                                                                                                                                   where                                                                                                                                                           d:path   Refers to the disk and path where you've copied EMM.SYS.               /D       Causes the driver to perform memory diagnostics when it is loaded.     The EXE2BIN command converts .EXE files to .COM files.  This results in a       saving of disk space and faster program loading.  EXE2BIN has the following     format:                                                                                                                                                         EXE2BIN filespec1 filespec2                                                                                                                                     See the MS-DOS Reference manual for further information on using EXE2BIN.       The EXIT command exits the COMMAND.COM (command processor) program and          returns to a previous level, if one exists.  This command is mainly useful      in conjunction with nested batch files.  EXIT has the following format:                                                                                         EXIT                                                                            FASTOPEN decreases the amount of time needed to open frequently used files      and directories.  Each time you open a file or directory, FASTOPEN records      its name and location.  Then, if you reopen the file or directory, your         system immediatly knows where to find it.  The FASTOPEN command has the         following format:                                                                                                                                               FASTOPEN [d:=nnn][...]]                                                                                                                                         The number nnn is the number of files for the disk d: that you want FASTOPEN    to track.  nnn can be in the range 10-999; the default is 10.                                                                                                   You can execute this command only once.  If you want to change the setting,     you must restart MS-DOS.                                                                                                                                        FASTOPEN uses approximately 40 bytes of main memory for each file or            directory it tracks.                                                                                                                                            The following command causes MS-DOS to track the location of up to 100          files on drive C:                                                                                                                                               FASTOPEN c:=100                                                                 The FDISK (fixed disk) utility is used to prepare a hard disk for use           with MS-DOS.  You must perform the following steps to prepare a hard disk:                                                                                      -  Define an area on the hard disk (called a "partition").                                                                                                      -  Format the partition using the FORMAT command.                                                                                                               FDISK is used primarily to create and manage partitions on your hard disk.      See the chapter on Hard Disk Preparation in the MS-DOS Reference manual.        The FC (file compare) command compares the contents of two files.  The          comparisons are made in one of two ways:  on a line-by-line basis or a          byte-by-byte basis.  The line-by-line comparison isolates blocks of lines       that are different between the two files, while the byte-by-byte comparison     displays the bytes that are different between the two files.  FC has the        following format:                                                                                                                                               FC [/n /A /B /C /W /L /LBn /N /T] filename1 filename2                                                                                                           FC matches the first file (filename1) against the second file (filename2)       and reports any differences between them.  FC bases the comparison on the       following switch settings:                                                                                                                                      /n     Specifies a number from 1 to 9.  This is the number of lines required           to match for the files to be considered matching again after a                  difference has been found.  The default is 2.  Only used for source             files.                                                                   /A     Abbreviates the output of an ASCII comparison.                           /B     Indicates that files are to be compared byte-by-byte.                    /W     Causes FC to compress "whites" (tabs and spaces) during the                     comparison.                                                              /C     Causes the matching process to ignore the case of letters.               /L     Compares the files in ASCII mode.                                        /LBn   Sets the internal line buffer to n lines. The default length of the             internal buffer is 100 lines.                                            /N     Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison                         /T     Does not expand tabs to spaces.                                                                                                                          See the File Comparison chapter in the MS-DOS Reference manual for details      on FC's limitations, usage, and reporting.                                      The FIND command searches for a specific string of text in one or more          files.  FIND is a filter that takes as options a string enclosed in quotes      and a series of filenames.  It displays all lines that contain the              specified string.  If no files are specified, FIND takes the input on the       screen and displays all lines that contain the specified string.  FIND has      the following format:                                                                                                                                           FIND [/V /C /N] "string" [filespec...]                                                                                                                          where                                                                                                                                                           /V     FIND displays all lines not containing the specified string.                                                                                             /C     FIND prints only a count of lines that contained a match.                                                                                                /N     FIND precedes each line by its relative line number in the file.         The FORMAT command initializes diskettes and hard disks to a format usable      by MS-DOS.  You must use the command to format storage media before it can      be used to hold MS-DOS files.  FORMAT has the following format:                                                                                                 FORMAT d: [/B] [/V] [/S] [/1] [/8] [/4] [/N:xx] [/T:yy]                                                                                                         where                                                                                                                                                           d:     Specifies a storage device attached to your computer. If you do not             specify a device, MS-DOS initializes the default device.                 /B     Formats the disk, leaving ample space to copy an operating system,              such as MS-DOS 3.3  You cannot use the /V or the /S switches with               the /B switch.                                                           /V     Causes FORMAT to prompt you for a volume label to identify the disk.     /S     Causes FORMAT to make the new disk bootable by copying system files.     /1     Causes FORMAT to prepare only one side of a 5-1/4" diskette.             /8     Formats a diskette for 8 sectors per track.                              /4     Formats a 360K diskette in a high density 5-1/4" drive.                  /N     Specifies the number of sectors per track.                               /T     Specifies the number of tracks.                                                                                                                          To format a 720 KByte (normal density) 3-1/2" floppy disk in a 1.44 MByte       (high density) diskette drive, specify FORMAT as follows:                                                                                                       FORMAT d: /N:9 /T:80                                                                                                                                            Do not use the /N and /T switches when formatting a diskette in a normal        density disk drive.                                                             FORMATLD is a batch file that automatically supplies the correct parameters     to format normal density 3 1/2" diskettes in high (1.44Mbyte) or normal         (720 Kbyte) density diskette drives.  To protect yourself against possible      data loss as a result of incorrect formatting, you should use this batch        file to format normal density 3-1/2" diskettes.                                                                                                                 To use this batch file to format a normal density diskette in drive A, for      example, specify the following command:                                                                                                                         FORMATLD a:                                                                     The GRAFTABL command loads additional character data into a table in            memory for use with a color or graphics adapter.  GRAFTABL has the              following format:                                                                                                                                               GRAFTABL                                                                        The GRAPHICS command activates the print-screen facility.  GRAPHICS has the     following format:                                                                                                                                               GRAPHICS [printer] [/R] [/B] [/P=port]                                                                                                                          where                                                                                                                                                           /R     Prints black and white exactly as seen on the screen.  The default              is to print black as white and white as black.                           /B     Prints the background in color.  This option is valid only for                  COLOR4 and COLOR8 printers.                                              /P     Sets the parallel printer port to which the output will be sent.                port can be 1, 2, or 3.                                                                                                                                  The printer option may be one of the following:                                                                                                                 COLOR1    IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with black ribbon.                COLOR4    IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with RGB (red, blue, and                    black) ribbon.                                                        COLOR8    IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with CMY (cyan, magenta,                    yellow and black) ribbon.                                             COMPACT   IBM Personal Computer Compact Printer.                                GRAPHICS  IBM Personal Computer Graphics Printer.                                                                                                               After you enter the command, pressing Fn-PrtSc (the Print Screen key)           prints the contents of the screen.  GRAPHICS remains in effect until you        restart your system.                                                            GRiD386 is a memory manager for the GRiDCASE 1530 computer.  It allows you      to configure some or all of the extended memory in your GRiDCASE 1530           computer as EMS memory.                                                                                                                                         GRiD386 is a device driver that must be installed in your CONFIG.SYS file       with a line like the following:                                                                                                                                 DEVICE=[d:][path]GRID386.SYS options                                                                                                                            where                                                                                                                                                           d:path refers to the disk and path where you've copied GRID386.SYS, and         options refers to additional options and associated parameters listed in        the GRiD386 User's Guide.                                                       GRiDCache is a utility program separately available from GRiD that can          increase your GRiD computer system performance by disk caching.  GRiDCache      can be used on any GRiD computer running GRiD MS-DOS version 3.2 or later.      GRiDCache supports all GRiD disk drives except for removable cartridge-type     drives.                                                                                                                                                         GRiDCache is a device driver that must be installed in your CONFIG.SYS file     with a line like the following:                                                                                                                                 DEVICE=[d:][path]GRIDCACH.SYS options                                                                                                                           where                                                                                                                                                           d:path refers to the disk and path where you've copied GRIDCACHE.SYS, and       options refers to additional options listed in the GRiDCache User's Guide.      The GRiDScan command displays information about your GRiD computer hardware     configuration.  The following information is included:                                                                                                            System BIOS date                                                                Processor type                                                                  Coprocessor type, if installed                                                  Amount of conventional RAM installed and free                                   Amount of expanded and/or extended memory installed and free                    Type and size of internal and external disk drives                              Type of other external devices attached                                         Keyboard firmware date                                                          GRID VGA cartridge BIOS date, if installed                                      Modem type and PROM checksum, if installed                                      Serial port number (COM1 or COM2)                                               Color mapping method                                                          The HELP command provides information about MS-DOS commands.                                                                                                    -  Enter HELP from the command prompt to start HELP.                            -  Press the ESC key at any time to exit HELP.                                  -  Enter a topic for help on that topic.                                        -  Type a question mark for a list of main topics.                              -  After a topic is displayed, a list of subtopics appears.  Enter a               subtopic or press RETURN to display the list of main topics.  A topic           and one or more subtopics can be entered together, separated by spaces.                                                                                      Examples of valid HELP commands include:                                                                                                                        MODE                                                                            MODE OPTION1                                                                                                                                                    You can create and edit your own help files.  See the MS-DOS Reference          Guide for more information on the HELP command.                                 This command joins a disk drive to a specific path.  If the path does           not exist, MS-DOS tries to make a directory with that path.  The path           must be empty.  After you issue the JOIN command, the first drive               name becomes invalid, and if you try to use it, MS-DOS displays the             error message, "Invalid Drive".  JOIN has the following format:                                                                                                 JOIN d: [d:][path]                                                                                                                                              To "unjoin", use the /D switch, as follows:                                                                                                                     JOIN d: /D                                                                      The following table describes the GRiDCASE keystrokes necessary to achieve      important keystrokes on an IBM (R) Personal Computer.                                                                                                           ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     IBM KEY        GRiDCASE KEY        | IBM KEY         GRiDCASE KEY                                                  |                                            End            Fn-RightArrow       | Alt             Alt (left CODE key)        Home           Fn-LeftArrow        | Caps Lock       CpLk                       PgDn           Fn-DownArrow        | Enter           Return                     PgUp           Fn-UpArrow          | PrtSc           Fn-PrtSc (Fn-W)            ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     LABEL creates, changes or deletes the volume identification on a disk.          LABEL has the following format:                                                                                                                                 LABEL [d:][volume label]                                                                                                                                        The volume label can be up to 11 characters long.                               You should not use the following characters in a volume label:                                                                                                  * ? / \ | . , ; : + = < > [ ] ( ) & ^                                                                                                                           The volume label may include spaces, but may not include tabs.                  LINK is a programming tool used to combine separately produced object           modules into one relocatable load module--a program you can run.                                                                                                Summary of Methods to Start LINK                                                1.  LINK                                                                        2.  LINK filenames [/switches]                                                  3.  LINK @filespec                                                                                                                                              Method 1 prompts you through four questions:  object modules to be linked,      run file, list file, and libraries.                                                                                                                             Method 2 consists of the following command line:                                LINK object-list, runfile, listfile, lib-list[/switch...].                                                                                                      Method 3 uses a response file which contains answers to the LINK prompts.                                                                                       See the discussion of LINK in the MS-DOS Reference manual for details.          MS-DOS assigns a second device letter to the internal diskette drive and to     the first external disk drive, if one exists.  This allows operations for       those commands that require both a source and target diskette.  The drive       letters assigned to these "logical drives" depends on your hardware             configuration.  Common configurations and drive letter assignments are          listed below.                                                                                                                                                   Configuration                 Device Letters                                    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     1 internal diskette drive     A, B                                              (no hard disk)                                                                  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     1 internal diskette drive     A, C     or, depending      B, D                  1 external diskette drive     B, D     on floppy drive    A, C                  (no hard disk)                         switch settings                          ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     1 internal diskette drive     A, B                                              1 hard disk                   C                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     1 internal disk drive         A, D     or, depending      B, E                  1 external disk drive         B, E     on floppy drive    A, D                  1 hard disk                   C        switch settings    C                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------                                                                                     EXAMPLE: Suppose that drive A is an internal 3 1/2" disk drive, drive B is      an external 5 1/4" disk drive, and that there is an internal hard disk.         Drive A is the same as logical drive D and drive B is the same as logical       drive E.  Hence, to copy a file from a 3 1/2" disk to another 3 1/2" disk       in the same drive, you could type                                                                                                                               COPY A:filename D:                                                                                                                                              MS-DOS would prompt you to insert the source and target disks at                appropriate times.                                                              LOWPOWER.SYS is a device driver that causes your GRiD computer to beep          when battery power becomes nearly exhausted.  A set of 3 short beeps begins     to sound at the same time that the low power light illuminates.  The beeps      continue to sound about once every 15 seconds until power is exhausted.                                                                                         When the beeps begin to sound, you should save your data immediately and        supply AC power to the computer or switch to a fully charged battery pack.                                                                                      LOWPOWER.SYS is a device driver that must be installed in your CONFIG.SYS       file with a line like the following:                                                                                                                            DEVICE=[d:][path]LOWPOWER.SYS                                                                                                                                   The MKDIR (or MD, for make directory) command creates a new directory.  The     MKDIR command has either of the following formats:                                                                                                              MKDIR pathname                                                                  MD pathname                                                                                                                                                     where pathname can be one or more existing directory names separated by         reverse backslashes.  The last name is the name of the new directory.  For      example, the command                                                                                                                                            MD WEST                                                                                                                                                         creates a directory called WEST subordinate to the current directory.           The MODE command provides 20 options for configuring your computer.             The options are summarized below.  See the option topic for information         on a specific option.                                                                                                                                           Option1  - Controls output to the printer.                                      Option2  - Sets display mode for the screen and external monitor.               Option3  - Determines serial port's communications protocol.                    Option4  - Changes parallel printer output to serial printer output.            Option5  - Sets the PRN device.                                                 Option6  - Switches power on or off to the serial port.                         Option7  - Switches power on or off to the internal modem and controls                     modem parameters.                                                    Option8  - Determines the blink and shape of the cursor.                        Option9  - Controls power to an internal floppy disk drive.                     Option10 - Sets the display font.                                               Option11 - Determines which device letter ROM files are appended to.            Option12 - Switches from internal display to external monitor.                  Option13 - Switches between EMS and Extended memory over 640K.                  Option14 - Switches between fast and slow processor speeds.                     Option15 - Determines how colors are mapped to a monochrome display.            Option16 - Controls how long screen backlighting stays on.                      Option17 - Switches on or off the internal display hardware.                    Option18 - Sets the display refresh for 50Hz or 60Hz.                           Option19 - Enables/disables numeric keypad of the internal keyboard.            Option20 - Controls power to an internal hard disk.                                                                                                             This version of the MODE command determines the width and vertical spacing      of documents produced by the printer.  This version of the MODE command has     the following format:                                                                                                                                           MODE LPTn:[c][,v][,P]                                                                                                                                           where                                                                                                                                                           n     Is 1, 2, or 3 for the printer to be used.                                                                                                                 c     Is either 80 or 132 for the number of characters per line.                                                                                                v     Is either 6 or 8 for the number of vertical lines per inch.                                                                                               P    Indicates that you want the computer to retry printing after a time-out         error occurs.                                                              This version of the MODE command sets the display mode for the computer         screen and the external monitor.  This version of the MODE command has          either of the following formats:                                                                                                                                MODE n                                                                          MODE [n][,s [,t]]                                                                                                                                               where the n parameter specifies both the type of display attached to your       computer and the number of characters per line as explained in the table        below.                                                                                                                                                          n setting  Result                                                                                                                                               40         40 characters per line on the screen and external monitor.           80         80 characters per line on the screen and external monitor.           BW40       40 characters per line on the screen and external monitor;                      if the external monitor is a color display, the screen displays                 in black and white.                                                  BW80       80 characters per line on the screen and external monitor;                      if the external monitor is a color display, the screen displays                 in black and white.                                                  CO40       40 characters per line on the screen and external monitor;                      if the external monitor is a color display, the screen displays                 in color.                                                            CO80       80 characters per line on the screen and external monitor;                      if the external monitor is a color display, the screen displays                 in color.                                                            MONO       Specifies the monochrome display adapter, which is 80 characters                per line.                                                                                                                                            s          Is either L (for left) or R (for right) to shift the display on                 an external monitor to the indicated direction.                                                                                                      t          When the t parameter is specified, a test pattern is displayed                  and you are prompted to indicate if the screen is aligned                       properly.  This option only works in conjunction with the s                     parameter and only affects the external monitor.                     This version of the MODE command turns on the serial port and specifies the     protocol to be used.  This version of the MODE command has the                  following format:                                                                                                                                               MODE COMn:baud[,parity[,databits[,stopbits[,P[DTR +|-[,RTS+|-]]]]]]                                                                                             where                                                                           COMn      Specify COM1, COM2, COM3, or COM4, indicating the port number.                  This is a required parameter; you must always specify a port                    number.                                                               baud      Is 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, or 19,200.             parity    Is N (none), O (odd) or E (even). The default is E.                   databits  Is 7 or 8. The default is 7                                           stopbits  Is 1 or 2. The default is 1                                           P         Indicates that you want the computer to retry printing after a                  time-out error occurs on a serial printer.                            DTR       Specify DTR + to enable DTR (Data Terminal Ready) handshaking.                  The default is DTR -.  (Note that DTR handshaking is normally                   not required.)                                                        RTS       Specify  RTS + to enable RTS (Request to Send) handshaking.                     The default is RTS -.   (Note that RTS handshaking is normally                  not required.)                                                        This version of the MODE command causes output printed on a parallel            printer to be redirected to a printer connected to the serial port.  This       version of the MODE command has the following format:                                                                                                           MODE LPTx=COMy                                                                                                                                                  where                                                                                                                                                           x     Is 1, 2, or 3 for the printer number.                                                                                                                     y     Is 1, 2, 3, or 4 for the serial port.                                     This option of the mode command allows you to select the printer (LPT1,         or LPT2, or LPT3) that will be used to print output directed to the             PRN device.  This version of the mode command has the following format:                                                                                         MODE PRN= 1 | 2 | 3                                                                                                                                             whenever you specify PRN as the output device, output will be sent to the       printer selected here.                                                          This version of the MODE command switches on or off power to the internal       serial port on computers other than GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers.  To         turn on the power to the serial port, specify:                                                                                                                  MODE SERIAL=ON                                                                                                                                                  The system then displays the following message:                                                                                                                 COM1: status - serial power ON, modem power OFF                                                                                                                 To turn off the power to the serial port, specify                                                                                                               MODE SERIAL=OFF                                                                                                                                                 The system then displays the following message:                                                                                                                 COM1: status - serial power OFF, modem power OFF                                                                                                                When you turn on the power to the serial port, the power to the internal        modem is automatically turned off.                                                                                                                              Immediately after you turn on the power to the serial port, the following       protocol is in effect for serial communications:  2400 baud, no parity,         8 databits, and 1 stopbit.  To change these settings, use Option 3 of the       MODE command.                                                                                                                                                   NOTE:  On GRiDCASE 1500 Series computer the serial and modem ports are                 both always on.  If you try to turn them off, MODE displays an                  error message.                                                           This version of the MODE command switches on or off the power to the            internal modem and controls modem settings.  This version of the MODE           command has the following format:                                                                                                                               MODE MODEM = [ON | OFF] [,addressSwitch] [,ON|OFF]                                                                                                              The first ON/OFF parameter powers on or off the internal modem on those         GRiD computers that don't support both the modem and the serial port at the     same time.  On GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers, the first parameter is not       required, since the modem cannot be turned off.  The second ON and OFF          parameter controls the state of the internal speaker while the modem is         dialing and waiting for a connection.  The speaker is automatically turned      off when a connection is established.                                                                                                                           When power is turned on to the internal modem, power to the serial port,        if turned on, is turned off, except on GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers, where    the modem power cannot be turned off.                                                                                                                           The addressSwitch parameter represents eight Hayes Smartmodem switch            settings.  The setting is initially UDDDDUUD (U stands for UP or ON,            while D stands for DOWN or OFF).                                                                                                                                The table below reflects the meaning of each switch setting.                                                                                                    Switch 1  UP    Modem requires DTR active.                                                DOWN  Modem does not require DTR active.                                                                                                              Switch 2  UP    Result codes sent as English words.                                       DOWN  Result codes sent as digits.                                                                                                                    Switch 3  UP    No result codes sent.                                                     DOWN  Result codes are sent.                                                                                                                          Switch 4  UP    Echo characters when in command mode.                                     DOWN  No echo.                                                                                                                                        Switch 5  UP    Auto answer on first ring.                                                DOWN  Do not answer.                                                                                                                                  Switch 6  UP    Carrier detect real.                                                      DOWN  Carrier detect forced.                                                                                                                          Switch 7  UP    Always up.                                                                                                                                      Switch 8  UP    Disables command recognition.                                             DOWN  Enables command recognition.                                                                                                                    After executing MODE MODEM=ON, the following communications parameters are      in effect:  1200 baud, no parity, 8 databits, and 1 stopbit.  To change         these settings, use Option 3 of the MODE command.                               This version of the MODE command is used to control the appearance of the       cursor.  Specify option 8 as follows:                                                                                                                           MODE CURSOR = [LINE | BLOCK] , [BLINK | NOBLINK]                                                                                                                If you specify LINE, the cursor appears as a short underline.  If you           specify BLOCK, the cursor appears as a small highlighted rectangle.                                                                                             If you specify BLINK, the cursor blinks.  If you specify NOBLINK, the           cursor does not blink.                                                                                                                                          NOTE:  On GRIDCASE 1500 Series and GRiDLite Plus computers the                         BLINK | NOBLINK parameter is not supported.  If you use it,                     you'll get an error message.                                             Option 9 of the MODE command controls power to an internal floppy disk.         Specify option 9 as follows:                                                                                                                                    MODE DISK = ON | OFF                                                                                                                                            The default setting is OFF.  Specify ON only for those programs that            access the disk controller directly.                                            Option 10 of the MODE command controls how characters appear on the screen.     Specify option 10 as follows:                                                                                                                                   MODE FONT = [1|2 [|3|4]] [,RVON|RVOFF]                                                                                                                          On GRiDCASE 1500 Series and GRiDLite Plus computers, the first parameter        selects an international character set, as shown below.  The second             parameter is not supported.                                                                                                                                     1  English character set                                                        2  French Canadian character set                                                3  Norwegian character set                                                      4  Hebrew character set                                                                                                                                         On other GRiD computers, the first parameter can be set to 1 or 2 to make       characters on the screen appear thick or thin, respectively.  The second        parameter turns reverse video on or off.                                        This option of the MODE command sets the device letter that all ROM files,      if available, are appended to.  Specify option 11 as follows:                                                                                                   MODE ROM=A | B | C | OFF                                                                                                                                        If you select A, B or C, ROM files are appended to drives A, B, or C,           respectively.  If you select OFF, ROM files are not appended to any             drive, and thus are not available for use.                                                                                                                      If you specify drive C, this setting is saved, even when the computer is        powered off.  If you select any other device, this setting is reset to          drive A every time the computer is rebooted.                                    This option of the MODE command provides the capability to select the           current display on those GRiD computers that cannot display information         on the internal screen and an external monitor at the same time. Specify        option 12 as follows:                                                                                                                                           MODE GRID | CRT                                                                                                                                                 If you select GRiD all screen output will be displayed on the internal GRiD     display. If you select CRT all screen output will be displayed on the           external monitor.                                                                                                                                               You can toggle between the two display modes directly by pressing               CTRL-ALT-TAB on the keyboard.                                                   This option of the MODE command provides the capability to configure            memory beyond 640K as EMS memory or Extended memory for GRiD computers          using an 80286 microprocessor.  Specify option 13 as follows:                                                                                                   MODE MEM = EMS | EXT                                                                                                                                            If you select EMS, memory beyond 640K is configured as EMS memory.  If          you select EXT, memory beyond 640K is configured as Extended memory.            After changing the memory configuration, you must reboot your computer          for it to take effect.  The setting you choose is maintained even when          the computer power is off.                                                      This option of the MODE command switches the processor between fast and         slow speeds on GRiD computers that have multi-speed processors.                 Specify option 14 as follows:                                                                                                                                   MODE SPEED = FAST | SLOW                                                                                                                                        If you select FAST, the processor runs at its high speed.  If you select        SLOW, the processor runs at its slow speed.  If some programs don't seem        to work properly at the higher speed, try switching to the slow speed.                                                                                          You can change the processor speed directly from the keyboard by pressing       CTRL-ALT-FN-DownArrow to select slow speed, or CTRL-ALT-FN-UpArrow to select    fast speed.                                                                     This option of the MODE command determines how colors are mapped to the         internal monochrome display.  Some programs designed for color                  displays may be more readable with a different color mapping mode.              Specify option 15 as follows:                                                                                                                                   MODE COLORMAP = n                                                                                                                                               where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.                                                                                                                                 Refer to the MS-DOS Reference manual for an explanation of the                  different color mapping modes.                                                                                                                                  You can change the color mapping mode directly from the keyboard by pressing    CTRL-ALT-FN-RightArrow or CTRL-ALT-FN-LeftArrow.  Each time you press           one of these keystrokes, the display changes to the next color mapping mode.    This option of the MODE command controls the backlighting for those GRiD        computers that have backlit screens.  Specify option 16 as follows:                                                                                             MODE BACKLITE = ON | OFF | n                                                                                                                                    where n is a number of minutes from 1 to 60.                                                                                                                    On computers with backlit displays, the backlighting can be                     controlled in 3 different ways. Specify the OFF option to turn OFF the          backlighting. For continuous backlighting, specify the ON option.               For automatic control of the backlighting, specify a number between 1 and       60. If a number is specified, the  computer will turn off the backlighting      after that number of minutes if there was no keyboard input during that time    interval.                                                                       This option of the MODE command switches off or on the internal display         hardware.  If you are using an external monitor that is NOT plugged into        the RGB port, but instead is plugged into an expansion card, you will           probably need to turn off the internal display hardware.  The internal          display hardware conflicts with external monitor cards.  Specify                option 17 as follows:                                                                                                                                           MODE DISPLAY = OFF | ON                                                                                                                                         Specify OFF to turn off the internal display hardware if you are using an       external monitor that is plugged into its own card (not the RGB port).          Specify ON to turn the internal display hardware back on if you are no          longer using an external monitor plugged into its own card.                     This MODE option matches the display refresh frequency with the AC power        source frequency to prevent interference between the computer display and       room lighting. This MODE option applies only to GRiDLite Plus computers.        Specify option 18 as follows:                                                                                                                                   MODE HZ= 50 | 60                                                                                                                                                Specify 60 if the machine is being used in the United States. Many other        countries have an AC frequency of 50. If the internal display is difficult      to use due to rolling wavey lines try specifying 50.                                                                                                            The value specified is remembered by the system and will be activated           every time the computer is turned on.                                           This option of the MODE command enables and disables the numeric keypad         embedded in the internal keyboard.  This MODE option applies to only            GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers with a keyboard firmware date of 5/19/88 or      later.  Specify option 19 as follows:                                                                                                                           MODE NUMPAD = ON | OFF                                                                                                                                          Normally, the internal numeric keypad is enabled and disabled by the NUMLOCK    key; however, some applications may erroneously force the keyboard into         NUMLOCK mode.  In such cases, you can use option 19 of the MODE command to      disable the internal numeric keypad.  You can still access the internal         numeric keypad by holding down the FN key while pressing a numeric keypad       key.                                                                                                                                                            Note that if a GRiD external numeric keypad is connected to the                 system, the internal numeric keypad is automatically disabled.                  This option of the MODE command controls power to the internal hard disk.       This MODE option applies to only some models of GRiD computers (currently       the GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers).  Specify option 20 as follows:                                                                                             MODE HARDDISK = ON | OFF | n                                                                                                                                    where n is a number of minutes from 1 to the maximum allowed by your hard       disk (never more than 99).                                                                                                                                      This option is useful for saving battery power by allowing you to turn off      power to the internal hard disk when it is not being used.  The default         is ON; this means that the hard disk is always powered on.  Specify OFF to      turn off power immediately to the hard disk.  Or, for automatic control, you    can specify a number of minutes, after which the hard disk is turned off if     it has not been accessed.  In any case, the hard disk is automatically          powered on when a disk access is required.                                                                                                                      Each type of hard disk has a different maximum interval that can be set.  If    you specify a number of minutes greater than the maximum allowed, the           interval is set to the maximum, and you are alerted by a message to the         actual number of minutes set.                                                                                                                                   This option does not apply to all types of hard disks; if this option is not    supported, you are alerted by an error message.                                                                                                                 CAUTION: This MODE option is designed to help extend battery life.  Do not               use this option when operating the computer on AC power; doing so               causes unnecessary wear on the hard disk and could shorten its life    See option 7 of the MODE command for information about operating the            internal modem.                                                                 The MORE command sends output to the display one screen at a time.  MORE has    the following format:                                                                                                                                           MORE                                                                                                                                                            The MORE command is useful for viewing a long file one screen at a time.        If you type                                                                                                                                                     TYPE MYFILES.TXT | MORE                                                                                                                                         MS-DOS displays the file MYFILES.TXT one screen at a time.  You scroll          through each screen by pressing any key.                                        The PATH command sets a command search path.  PATH has the following format:                                                                                    PATH [pathname[;pathname]...]                                                                                                                                   This command allows you to tell MS-DOS which directories should be searched     for external commands after MS-DOS searches the current directory.  The         default is no path.                                                                                                                                             For example, to tell MS-DOS to look in the \DOS directory for external          commands, type                                                                                                                                                  PATH \DOS                                                                                                                                                       You can tell MS-DOS to search more than one path by specifying several          pathnames separated by semicolons.                                                                                                                              The command PATH with no options displays the current path.  If you specify                                                                                     PATH ;                                                                                                                                                          MS-DOS sets the NUL path, meaning that only the current directory is            searched for external commands.                                                 PCMaster and PCSlave are GRiD MS-DOS utilities that allow you to transfer       files between GRiD computers and IBM Personal Computers.  These                 utilities are fully described in the MS-DOS Reference Guide.                                                                                                    To transfer files between a GRiD computer and an IBM Personal Computer,         follow the steps below:                                                                                                                                         1.  Connect the serial ports of the two computers using a null modem cable.                                                                                     2.  Insert system diskettes into the drives at the master and slave                 computers, making sure of the following:                                                                                                                        -  The system diskette at the master computer has the file PCMASTER.SYS.                                                                                        -  The CONFIG.SYS file at the master station contains the following                command:                                                                                                                                                        DEVICE=PCMASTER.SYS                                                                                                                                          -  The system diskette at the slave computer has the file PCSLAVE.COM.                                                                                      3.  Start up the slave computer.  At the slave computer, enter the following        command:                                                                                                                                                        PCSLAVE                                                                                                                                                         The following message appears:                                                                                                                                  Slave enabled, enter Ctrl-C to abort.                                                                                                                       4.  Start up the master computer.  Starting the master computer after the           slave computer allows the master computer to accurately assign letters          to the storage devices attached to the slave computer.                                                                                                      5.  At the master computer, you can now enter an acceptable MS-DOS command.         These include commands such as COPY, DIR, DEL, and FC.                                                                                                      When PCMaster and PCSlave are being used, the default serial port is COM2 on    GRiDCASE 1500 Series computers and COM1 on other GRiD computers.  To use a      different serial port, specify the serial port number after the PCMaster and    PCSlave statements, like this: "DEVICE=PCMASTER.SYS 2" and "PCSLAVE 2".                                                                                         PCMaster and PCSlave transfer data at a rate of 115,200 baud. This may be       too fast for some computers. To reduce the speed to 9600 baud, your PCMaster    and PCSlave statements should read "DEVICE=PCMASTER.SYS 9600" and               "PCSLAVE 9600".  Should you require both the COM2 option and the 9600 baud      option, your PCMaster and PCSlave statements would read                         "DEVICE=PCMASTER.SYS 2 9600" and "PCSLAVE 2 9600",                              See the description of PCMASTER.                                                The PRINT command prints a file in the background, allowing you to use your     computer for other work.  PRINT has the following format:                                                                                                       PRINT [[filespec][/D:device][/B:size][/U:ticks][/M:ticks][/S:timeslices]              [/Q:value][/T][/C][/P]]...                                                                                                                                where                                                                                                                                                           filespec is the file to be printed, and                                                                                                                         /D     Specifies the print device.  If not specified, the default device               is PRN.   PRINT prompts for a print device.                              /B     Sets the size (in bytes) of the internal buffer.  Increasing the                value of /B speeds up the PRINT command.                                 /U     Sets the number of clock ticks that PRINT will wait for a printer.              The job is not run if the printer is not available in the specifed              time.  The default is 1.                                                 /M     Sets the number of clock ticks that PRINT can take to print a                   character on the printer.  The default is 2.                             /S     Sets the number of time slices used by MS-DOS for the PRINT command.            The default is 8.  The range of values can be from 1 to 255.             /Q     Specifies the number of files allowed in the print queue if you                 want more than 10.  The minimum value for the /Q switch is 4; the               maximum is 32.                                                           /T     Deletes all files in the print queue.                                    /C     Turns on cancel mode.  The preceding filespec and all following                 filespecs are suspended in the print queue until you specify PRINT              with a /P switch.                                                        /P     Turns on print mode.  The preceding filespec and all following                  filespecs are added to the print queue until a /C switch is specified                                                                                    PRINT with no options displays the contents of the print queue.                 The PROMPT command allows you to change the MS-DOS command prompt.  PROMPT      has the following format:                                                                                                                                       PROMPT [prompt text]                                                                                                                                            If no text is typed, the prompt is set to the default prompt, which is the      default drive designation.  You can change the prompt by specifying for         prompt text a dollar sign followed by a special character as shown below.                                                                                         Character  Resulting Prompt         Character Resulting Prompt                ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     | $$         $                      | $t        current time              |     | $d         current date           | $p        default drive's directory |     | $v         version number         | $n        default drive             |     | $g         > character            | $l        '<' character             |     | $b         | character            | $h        backspace                 |     | $q         = character            | $_        CR LF sequence            |     | $e         ASCII code for escape  |                                     |     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------     For example, the command                                                                                                                                        PROMPT Time = $t$_Date = $d                                                                                                                                     sets a two line prompt which prints:                                                                                                                            Time = (current time)                                                           Date = (current date)                                                           To change back to the original prompt simply type PROMPT.                       RAMDRIVE is a utility that, when installed, effectively creates another         logical disk drive. To install the RAMDRIVE.SYS driver, add the following       line to the CONFIG.SYS file:                                                                                                                                    DEVICE=RAMDRIVE.SYS [disksize] [,sectorsize] [,#directory entries]                                                                                              [disksize] is an optional parameter used to specify the size of the RAM         disk.  The default is 64K and the minimum value is 16K.                                                                                                         [sectorsize] is an optional parameter to specify the sector size in bytes.      The default value is 128.  Acceptable values are 128, 256, 512.                                                                                                 [#directory entries] is an optional parameter used to specify the number        of directory entries in the root directory.  The default is 64 and the          range available is from 2 to 1024 entries.                                                                                                                      NOTE:  Remember that this is a RAM disk and, therefore, data or programs               stored in it are lost when the power is turned off or the                       computer is rebooted.                                                    The RECOVER command recovers a file or an entire diskette containing bad        sectors.  RECOVER has the following format:                                                                                                                     RECOVER filename | d:                                                                                                                                           If a sector on a disk is bad, you can recover either the file containing        that sector or the entire disk (if the bad sector was in the directory).                                                                                        To recover a particular file, type:                                                                                                                             RECOVER filename                                                                                                                                                where filename is the name of the file to be recovered.                                                                                                         To recover a disk, type:                                                                                                                                        RECOVER d:                                                                                                                                                      where d: is the letter of the drive containing the disk to be recovered.                                                                                        CAUTION: Be careful when you use the RECOVER command on a disk.  It renames              all of the files using the format FILE0001.REC, FILE0002.REC, etc.              It is recommended that you backup the files before attempting to                recover a disk.                                                        The REN command (rename) lets you change the names of one or more files.        The REN command has the following format:                                                                                                                       REN filespec1 filespec2                                                                                                                                         where                                                                                                                                                           filespec1 identifies the names of the file(s) you want to rename                                                                                                filespec2 is the new file name.                                                                                                                                 EXAMPLES: The command                                                                                                                                           REN MYFILE.TXT YOURFILE.TXT                                                                                                                                     changes the name of MYFILE.TXT to YOURFILE.TXT.  The command                                                                                                    RENAME B:*.LST *.PRN                                                                                                                                            changes the names of all files on drive B with the .LST extension to            similar names with the .PRN extension.                                          The REPLACE command updates previous versions of files.  REPLACE has the        following format:                                                                                                                                               REPLACE filespec1 [filespec2] [/A] [/P] [/R] [/S] [/W]                                                                                                          filespec1 is the source file or directory and filespec2 is the destination.                                                                                     /A     Adds new files in the target directory.  May not be used with /S.        /P     Prompts you before replacing a target file or adding a source                   file.                                                                    /R     Replaces read-only files as well as unprotected files.                   /S     Causes REPLACE to search all subdirectories of the target directory             while it replaces matching files.  May not be used with /A.              /W     Waits for you to press any key before replacing files.                   The RESTORE command restores files that have been backed up by BACKUP.          Files backed up with BACKUP are not immediately accessible; you must use        the RESTORE command to return the files to their original locations to make     them usable.  RESTORE has the following format:                                                                                                                 RESTORE d1: [d2:][pathname] [/S][/P][/A:mm-dd-yy][/B:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm]                [/L:hh:mm][/M][/N]                                                                                                                                      where                                                                                                                                                           d1     Specifies the disk drive where the files are backed up.                  d2     Specifies the disk drive where the files are to be restored.  If you            don't specify a pathname, the files are restored to the current                 directory; otherwise, they're restored to the specified directory.       /S     Restores files at all levels of subdirectories, as well as in the               specified directory.                                                     /P     Makes RESTORE prompt you before restoring hidden or read-only files.     /A     Restores only files modified on or after the specified date.             /B     Restores only files modified on or before the specified date.            /E     Restores only files modified at or earlier than the specified time.      /L     Restores only files modified at or later than the specified time.        /M     Restores only files modified since the last backup.                      /N     Restores only files that no longer exist on the target disk.                                                                                             EXAMPLE:  The command                                                                                                                                           RESTORE  A: C: /S                                                                                                                                               restores all files on disk drive A to disk drive C.                             The RMDIR command (remove directory) erases a directory name.  The RMDIR        command has either of the following formats:                                                                                                                    RMDIR [pathname]                                                                RD [pathname]                                                                                                                                                   All the files in the directory must be deleted before the RMDIR command will    erase the directory.                                                            SERVER is a menu-oriented utility that gives authorized users access to a       GRiD SERVER and its network resources.  SERVER is fully described in the        GRiD Server User's Guide for MS-DOS and PC-DOS Users.                                                                                                           SERVER has the following format:                                                                                                                                SERVER [filespec]                                                                                                                                               where filespec is the name of a sign-on file containing information needed      to log on to a server.  If you enter SERVER without a filespec, you are         presented with the SERVER menu.  If you specify a filespec, you are             presented with a sign-on form with all the required information filled in       (except the password).                                                          The SET command sets one string equivalent to another string in the MS-DOS      environment for use in other programs and batch files.  SET has the             following format:                                                                                                                                               SET [string=string]                                                                                                                                             If you enter SET with no arguments, MS-DOS displays the current environment     settings.                                                                       The Share command is only used when networking is active.  It is usually        included in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file to install file sharing.  SHARE has           the following format:                                                                                                                                           SHARE [/F:space][/L:locks]                                                                                                                                      where                                                                                                                                                           /F     Sets the file space to allocate (in bytes) for the area MS-DOS uses             to record filesharing information.  Each file that is open needs the            length of the full filename plus 11 bytes (the average pathname is              20 bytes).  The default value for /F is 2048 bytes.                      /L     Sets the number of locks you want to allow. The default value for the           /L switch is 20.                                                         The SHOWMEM command displays the amount and type of total and free memory       available in your computer.  Free memory refers to the amount of memory         that is currently unused and available for programs and data.  SHOWMEM has      the following format:                                                                                                                                           SHOWMEM                                                                         The SORT command reads input, sorts the data, and outputs the sorted data.      SORT has the following format:                                                                                                                                  SORT [filespec] [/R] [/+n]                                                                                                                                      where                                                                                                                                                           /R     Specifies that the sort is to be done in reverse sort order.             /+n    Indicates that sorting is to be done beginning with the nth column.                                                                                      SORT is especially useful in conjunction with redirected input and output.                                                                                      For example, the command                                                                                                                                        DIR | SORT /+14                                                                                                                                                 causes the directory to be sorted starting with column 14 and displayed on      the screen.                                                                     The SUBST (substitute) command creates or deletes a "virtual drive" by          associating a pathname with a drive letter.  The SUBST command has the          following format:                                                                                                                                               SUBST [d:][pathname] [/D]                                                                                                                                       Use the /D switch to delete an associated drive or pathname.  You can           specify this switch immediately after the drive name.                                                                                                           For example, the command:                                                                                                                                       SUBST p: c:\ws\status\may                                                                                                                                       creates a virtual drive P for the pathname "c:\ws\status\may".  Now             you can refer to this directory by simply typing "p:".                          The SYS command transfers the MS-DOS system files to any other storage          media, such as a floppy or hard disk, to make that media bootable.  SYS         has the following format:                                                                                                                                       SYS d:                                                                                                                                                          where d: is the letter of the device containing the media to receive the        MS-DOS system files.                                                                                                                                            NOTE:  In order for an MS-DOS system disk to be bootable, the disk must                contain the COMMAND.COM file.  SYS will not automatically copy this             file to the target diskette; you must manually transfer COMMAND.COM,            using the COPY command, to the target diskette.                          Many GRiD computers have microprocessors that can run at either fast or slow    speeds.  If your GRiD computer has two speeds, you will generally want to       run it at its fastest speed; this is the default.  If some programs don't       seem to work properly at the higher speed, try switching to the slow speed.                                                                                     You can change the processor speed directly from the keyboard by pressing       CTRL-ALT-FN-DownArrow to select slow speed, or CTRL-ALT-FN-UpArrow to select    fast speed.                                                                                                                                                     You can also use MODE option 14 to change the processor speed.  See the         topic MODE OPTION14 for more information.                                       The TIME command displays the current time as recorded by the computer and      lets you change it, if you wish.  The time you set determines the time you      see in a file directory noting when the file was accessed.  TIME has the        following format:                                                                                                                                               TIME [hh[:mm][:ss][.cc]]                                                                                                                                        where                                                                                                                                                           hh  represents the hour and can be any number from 00 to 24.                                                                                                    mm  represents the minute and can be any number from 00 to 59.                                                                                                  The format of the time can be altered by the setting of the COUNTRY command     in your CONFIG.SYS file.                                                                                                                                        NOTE:  When setting the time, you don't have to enter ss (seconds) or                  cc (hundreths of seconds).                                               TREE displays the path (and optionaly lists the contents) of each directory     and subdirectory on the given drive.  TREE has the following format:                                                                                            TREE [d:] [/F]                                                                                                                                                  The /F switch causes TREE to display the names of the files in each             directory.                                                                      The TYPE command displays the contents of a file on the screen.  TYPE has       the following format:                                                                                                                                           TYPE [d:] filename                                                                                                                                              TYPE displays the data in the specified file on the screen.  To temporarily     halt the scrolling, press CTRL-S; to resume scrolling, press any key.           The VER (version) command displays the release number of the version            of MS-DOS running on your computer.  The version number is important when       experiencing operating problems because you need to ensure that you are         using the version of MS-DOS required by your applications.                      The VERIFY command controls verification of disk write operations.  VERIFY      has the following format:                                                                                                                                       VERIFY [ON | OFF]                                                                                                                                               This command has the same effect as the /V switch in the COPY command.  If      you want to verify that all files written to a disk are readable, you           can use the VERIFY command to tell MS-DOS to verify this.                                                                                                       VERIFY ON remains in effect until you issue a VERIFY OFF command to MS-DOS      or you run a program that turns verification off.  If you want to know what     the current setting of VERIFY is, type VERIFY with no options.                  The VOL command displays the disk volume label, if it exists.  VOL has the      following format:                                                                                                                                               VOL [d:]                                                                                                                                                        where d: is the drive to be checked for a volume label.  If no drive is         specified, MS-DOS prints the volume label of the default disk.                  Copies files and directories, including lower level directories if              they exist.  XCOPY has the following format:                                                                                                                    XCOPY filespec1 [filespec2] [/A][/D:mm-dd-yy][/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W]                                                                                           where                                                                                                                                                           /A     Copies source files that have their archive attribute set.  It                  does not modify the archive attribute of the source file.  Refer                to the ATTRIB command for information on how to set the archive                 attribute.                                                               /D:mm-dd-yy  Copies source files that were modified on or after the date               specified by mm-dd-yy.  Note that the date format may vary                      depending on the country code you are using.                             /E     Copies any subdirectories, even if they are empty.  You can only                use this switch if you also specify the /S switch.                       /M     Copies all source files that have their archive attribute set, and              turns off the archive attribute in the source file.  See the ATTRIB             command for information on how to set the archive attribute of a file    /P     Prompts you with "(Y/N)?", allowing you to confirm whether you                  want to create each target file.                                         /S     Copies directories and lower level subdirectories unless they are               empty.  If you omit this switch, XCOPY works within a single                    directory.                                                               /V     Causes XCOPY to verify each file as it is written to the target                 to make sure that the target files are readable.                         /W     Causes XCOPY to wait before it starts copying files.  XCOPY displays            the message:                                                                                                                                                    "Press any key when ready to start copying files"                                                                                                               You must press a key to continue, or press CTRL-C to abort the                  XCOPY command.                                                                                                                                           Because the DISKCOPY command copies disks track-by-track, it requires your      source and target disks to have the same format.  So if you want to make a      copy of a disk that contains files in subdirectories to a target disk that      has a different format, you must use the XCOPY command.                                                                                                         EXAMPLE: The command                                                                                                                                            XCOPY A: C: /S /E                                                                                                                                               copies all of the files and subdirectories (including any empty                 subdirectories) on the disk in drive A to hard disk drive C.                  